Essay --

(1.) Verification and perception isn't something very similar. At the point when you confirm a hypothesis, you have at any rate mostly discovered help for its fact through perception. At the point when you distort a hypothesis, you have certainly discovered help for its un-truth, through perception. Unquestionable status and falsifiability are differentiating approachs as in they each underscore various estimations of truth: certainty on â€Å"truth† (in any event fractional) and falsifiability on â€Å"false.† Consider the great case of the white swan. Swans in Europe were white so each different perception of a swan returned as white. In this manner, the acceptance delivers the end that all swans are white. Apparently giving affirmation, each different perception checked the end â€Å"all swans are white.† The proof obviously was overwhelming, that is until they discovered that Australia had dark swans. With this particular perception, all the a large number of confirmations of white swans were unconcluded. That is the quality of misrepresentation. A solitary perception or examination can hurl everything ceaselessly. Both evidence and falsifiability share the inadequacy that it can’t arrive at unadulterated fact of the matter. Undeniable nature can’t arrive at unadulterated truth in light of the intricacies with acceptance. Falsifiability can’t arrive at essential truth for two or three reasons. To begin with, refuting that a hypothesis is just confirms that the refutation is valid. That’s hardly any concerning logical headway. Second is a direct result of falsifiability recognizable proof, with the outline standard among science and pseudo-science, an (assumed) genuine hypothesis can’t be logical, in light of the fact that it can’t be adulterated. The credibility of logical hypothesis in verificationism is â€Å"strong† supporting proof. ... ...ur insufficient human understanding that restrains us from seeing it so. The strategies for comprehensive quality don’t appear to be completely at chances with the conventional logical strategy. That being stated, comprehensive quality doesn’t carefully hold fast to the logical technique despite the utilization of a logical sounding language and can create neither explicit expectations about the regular world nor weighty experiences. This reductionism appears to expect that by analyzing the systems of nature we can anticipate and thus control it. Comprehensive quality doesn't take care of the division issue. A pseudo-science has the answer for everything and can never â€Å"not be true,† though a science doesn’t have the answer for everything and can â€Å"always be false.† Religion is just a pseudo-science when it takes itself to determine logical inquiries; else it is entirely considerable for Popper. Article - (1.) Verification and perception isn't something very similar. At the point when you check a hypothesis, you have at any rate somewhat discovered help for its reality through perception. At the point when you distort a hypothesis, you have certainly discovered help for its un-truth, through perception. Obviousness and falsifiability are differentiating procedures as in they each underline various estimations of truth: unquestionable status on â€Å"truth† (at any rate incomplete) and falsifiability on â€Å"false.† Consider the great case of the white swan. Swans in Europe were white so each different perception of a swan returned as white. Consequently, the enlistment creates the end that all swans are white. Apparently giving affirmation, each different perception confirmed the end â€Å"all swans are white.† The proof obviously was overwhelming, that is until they discovered that Australia had dark swans. With this particular perception, all the a great many c hecks of white swans were unconcluded. That is the quality of misrepresentation. A particular perception or investigation can hurl everything ceaselessly. Both unquestionable status and falsifiability share the inadequacy that it can’t arrive at essential fact of the matter. Evidence can’t arrive at essential truth on account of the intricacies with acceptance. Falsifiability can’t arrive at unadulterated truth for two or three reasons. To start with, refuting that a hypothesis is just confirms that the invalidation is valid. That’s hardly any concerning logical headway. Second is a result of falsifiability recognizable proof, with the boundary rule among science and pseudo-science, an (assumed) genuine hypothesis can’t be logical, on the grounds that it can’t be misrepresented. The credibility of logical hypothesis in verificationism is â€Å"strong† supporting proof. ... ...ur insufficient human understanding that hinders us from seeing it so. The techniques for comprehensive quality don’t appear to be entirely at chances with the conventional logical strategy. That being stated, comprehensive quality doesn’t carefully hold fast to the logical technique despite the utilization of a logical sounding language and can create neither explicit forecasts about the normal world nor noteworthy experiences. This reductionism appears to accept that by looking at the components of nature we can anticipate and therefore control it. Comprehensive quality doesn't tackle the division issue. A pseudo-science has the answer for everything and can never â€Å"not be true,† while a science doesn’t have the answer for everything and can â€Å"always be false.† Religion is just a pseudo-science when it takes itself to determine logical inquiries; else it is completely important for Popper.

The Evolution of Democracy from Jefferson to Jackson

Questions Jeffersonian Democracy Jackson Democracy political He accepted men should meet He accepted that every single white man To what degree was widespread property necessities to have ought to have the option to cast a ballot. White masculinity testimonial. Accomplished? What residents were viewed as The world class ought to be the main Jackson accepted that qualified for office holding? Ones decision. Everybody ought to have the option to run the show. Put stock in a turn for workplaces. How were possibility for Groups of the exclusive class Nominating shows made president picked? Accumulated to name assignments. Applicants. EconomicSaw the yeoman rancher as the Saw ranchers and workers as In what way did Jackson picked class. The picked class. Grow the idea of the â€Å"chosen class† How did each man see Thought that industrialization Recognized that it was industrialized? Would prompt an excessively incredible fundamental to the economy. Government. How did each the Cha rles Corporate sanctions were given Anyone ready to chance beginning River Bridge versus.. Warren to incredible, administering, world class. A business ought to have the option to Bridge choices influence the Often made a restraining infrastructure. Get a contract. Syndications are access to corporate sanctions unlawful. Respectful in Jefferson time? What was each man's mentality Believed that the bank was Thought the bank was toward the Bank of the United giving an excessive amount of capacity to the unlawful and making States? First class. An inconsistent playing field for the world class. Social Thought that subjection was malevolent He was not intrigued by What was each man's disposition yet was not prepared to give his liberating slaves. Towards subjection? Own up. What was each man's disposition Did not consider them to be rises to, Same, however really toward equity for ladies supported Indian Removal. Actualized Native ND Native Americans?

Talking to Strangers

Talking to Strangers “Yes, my consuming desire to mingle with road crews, sailors and soldiers, barroom regularsâ€"to be a part of a scene, anonymous, listening, recordingâ€"all is spoiled by the fact that I am a girl, a female always in danger of assault and battery. My consuming interest in men and their lives is often misconstrued as a desire to seduce them, or as an invitation to intimacy. Yes, God, I want to talk to everybody I can as deeply as I can. I want to be able to sleep in an open field, to travel west, to walk freely at night.” from The Journals of Sylvia Plath I am in New Orleans today. I’ve been here since Friday, staying with my cousin in her shotgun house in the Bywater, soaking up the sunshine and warm wet air before I fly back to Cambridge tomorrow morning. I’m on my own for now; my cousin is at her job, working for a public health/charity organization, and I spent the morning in a café, working. I planned to get things done early and spend today exploring, maybe bike to the city park. I wanted a sno-ball from a stand nearby. I stood in line. A man got in line behind me, made small talk. He was polite, clean-looking, from Memphis, not creepy. He asked if I would take a picture of him in a costume he’d just bought so he could send it to his girl back home. I agreed. We were in a public place in broad daylight. There were people around. I won’t go into details because I don’t feel like it. In essence, the situation did not play out as I expected. It was not harmless. It ended with the man exposed and ejaculating, and me in a state of shock, unable to say anything but “have a nice day” as I walked away, beginning to shake, with the realization that I had been violated setting in surely and steadily. I chastised myself. That wouldn’t have happened if I’d been smarter, I thought, if I’d been less compliant. Things like this have happened to me before, and they will happen to me again, and yet I am always caught off guardâ€"and somehow, my instinct is always to comply. Today I walked home quickly, discarded my plans to see the city. I wanted to get inside. My sense of safety was breaking. Shouldn’t have had it in the first place, an internal voice reprimanded me. I wanted there to exist a blend of tea that could wash memories out of my head. Forgetting tea, I called it, distracting myself by making thing s up. I sat a while. I called my mother. I began to see the truth, which is that this event was not an “accident,” was not a natural consequence of my foolish friendliness, but was an act of violence of the kind that happens all the time. I am naïve, I am foolish, but those traits didn’t give that man his need to feel power over me. And my vulnerability lies not in my habit of smiling at strangers, but in two things: my femaleness and the fact that I have not learned to fiercely defend my own boundaries. I have to learn. The following is a fragment I wrote this summer, in Santa Fe, New Mexico. I might write it differently if I wrote it today. I might not. Three days ago I sat and waited on the patio of a restaurant called the Shed while my friend Rob filled out a job application. Between the two of us, Rob and me, we know a fair number of Santa Feans. It’s a small town, and I make a habit of talking to strangers. An older man, maybe forty, scruffy-looking, sat near us and mumbled somethingâ€"a greeting to Rob, I thought, and because Rob nodded distractedly, I assumed this man was his friend. I turned to him and smiled brightly. “I’m Natasha,” I said. The man looked surprised and so did Rob. “Hot as hell today,” the stranger grunted. I smiled again and we left. “You really love meeting people, don’t you,” said Rob. It wasn’t a question, but I answered “I guess.” “You should be careful sometimes,” Rob told me softly. “I’m not telling you to stop… just be careful sometimes. You have an innocence about you that some people might want to take advantage of.” I talk to strangers. Like any girl made aware, I cross to the other side of the street at night if there’s a man nearby who might be following me. I walk in the dark with my keys between my fingers like brass knuckle knives. I listen for footsteps and try to make my own gait a little less like a woman’s. But in daylight, I talk to strangers. Rob was a stranger when I bought iced tea from him in the railyard district. Now he’s teaching me to drive with manual transmission, and pronounce some words in Navajo, and he says he’ll teach me to play poker next. A man named Perry was a stranger in the gym before I asked him a question, and now I’m editing his memoir in exchange for the personal training he usually sells for fifty dollars an hour. Four days a week I lift weights and listen to stories of youth in the hood, embellished with the most delightful analogies I’ve ever heard. “You’re amazingly approachable,” a red-bearded street musician told me when I paused to listen. I found out how he loved knives and the smell of skunk on the road. I sat down nearby and met a thin old man with long black hair. He was wearing black pants with many pockets, and a shirt of dark, thick suede, rolling into other colors. His boots were heavy brown leather with gold buckles, and he wrote with a silver fountain pen from 1934. H e smoked a hand-rolled cigarette and told me how he’d walked through opium fields in Afghanistan, roaming with friends and nomads. The field workers would shoot, you would shoot back, and you would pass. It probably is dangerous, the way I talk to people. I have the accidental habit (picked up in a small town, where I really did know most of the people I saw on the streets) of smiling at strangers like I already know them, which makes them think I intend to. I don’t. Sometimes I’d rather keep walking my way. Most of the time, though, I want to hear what people have to say. I trust people a little too much. Nothing really bad has happened to me yet. I’m naïve. I’m lucky. I should worry more. I wish I didn’t have to. I would like to be adventurous without being stupid, safe without being guarded. Perry plans to teach me how to fight, and my father plants seeds of sensible wariness in my mind when I tell him I’m going outâ€"but it doesn’t come naturally to me, fearing people. I’m afraid of a lot of things (injury, quick-moving insects, highway driving, relationships, running out of money, and my mother cursing) but strangers don’t scare me. What scares me is reality, which is that I should be scared: that I ought to carry with me everywhere I go a bit of fear, as if it will protect me. When people tell me I should worry, I do. When my neighbor comes over as I sit on the front porch at ten p.m. drinking hot chocolate, and looks afraid for me, and tells me “weird things have been happening” in the neighborhood, and that I should lock the doors and windows, I get nervous, and I get a little angry. I want to be the kind of person no one would mess with. I want to be a man. What scares me is that all the women I know have learned to be alert and afraid. And, as I reassure my boss when she says she doesn’t run on mountain trails too early alone, “with good reason.” What scares me is that eighty percent of rape victims are women under thirty, women like me, and women tougher than me, more alert than me, smarter than me, women who keep their heads down and walk quickly and don’t talk to strangers. Actually, women are statistically less likely than to be victims of violent crime at the hands of strangersâ€"and more likely to be hurt by people they know. And I’m lucky. I’ve never lived in a dangerous place. I’ve never lived in a neighborhood with a high crime rate, or worked a high-risk job. On Perry’s old block, nine people were shot and killed inside a year. On my old block, I sold crayon drawings and lemonade to the elderly couple next door. I left the topic there. I came to no conclusion. I have still come to no satisfying conclusion. I will keep talking to strangers, because I can’t help it and I love their stories. I will carry with me a little less safety and a little more anger wherever I go, and I’ll probably keep trading safety for anger as I get older and travel. I will go eat some beignets. I will finish Come Hell or High Water and watch an episode of Twin Peaks in preparation for the class I’m taking with Junot Díaz. I’m drinking forgetting tea right now. It happens to be licorice-flavored.

Act 3 scene 2 of A Midsummer Nights Dream - 1212 Words

Act 3 scene 2 of A Midsummer Nights Dream A Midsummer Nights Dream is a comedy written by Shakespeare in the Elizabethan times, still performed in the present day. At Act 3 scene 2 we are probably at the height of confusion in the play. Each of the four lovers loves someone who does not love them. Demetrius loves Hermia, Hermia loves Lysander, Lysander loves Helena and Helena loves Demetrius. All this chaos is down to Puck, a mischievous fairy whose job is to stir up trouble to amuse the fairy King. Not only has he been distorting the lives of humans, but also the fairy Queen. She is momentarily in love with a mortal with an ass head (also as a consequence of Pucks actions). The†¦show more content†¦It furthermore makes the audience aware of exactly how much domination the fairies have over the humans. When Demetrius awakes he is in love with Helena, as is Lysander. This makes the situation again more confusing. As soon as he arises he remarks to Helena O Helen, goddess, nymph, perfect, divine!. This is exceedingly overwhelming and possible a little too much from Demetrius. This line also links back to Oberons spell, where he says that Demetrius should see his lover as a goddess. He says her lips are like kissing cherries giving an image or very deep red that would have been seen as very beautiful in the time when Shakespeare wrote this play. As would her skin, described as pure congealed white, a sign of great elegance and loveliness. We do not hear of Lysanders compliments, only of his defense against them. He says in their nativity appears all truth yet this does not sway Helena from thinking that this is a prank simply to mock her. She says to both men, not only are they not content with being rivals to loving Hermia, but now they are both rivals, to mock Helena. Helena sees herself as a poor maid who is being taken advantage ofShow MoreRelatedComparing Differnet Acts of Shakespearian Plays: Romeo and Juliet and Midsummer Night ´s Dream564 Words   |  3 Pagesand Juliet and Midsummer Night’s Dream they both were written by William Shakespeare and they both have lovers. Even though they have these similarities the things that will be focused on comparing are Acts 1-3 in Romeo and Juliet and Midsummer Night’s Dream. The First thing being compared in the two stories will be Act 1. In Act 1 of Romeo and Juliet the play starts with a bloody brawl and ends with two lovers meeting at a party, while on the other hand Midsummer Night’s Dream starts with theRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare1751 Words   |  8 Pages What types of dream really impress you in your life? Would that be funny dreams, weird dreams, scary dreams, risque dreams, dramatic dreams, life-changing dreams, and even lucid dream stories. As a matter of fact, people’s dreams can be a kind of illusion because dreams skew their daily life into confusion—people cannot recognize reality and unreality easily. Similarly, love not only is imaginative, but also can make people get confused just like dream. The comedicRead MoreThe Theme of Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare1563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Theme of Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare In A Midsummer Nights Dream, Shakespeare presents us with multiple types of love by using numerous couples in various different situations. For example: Doting loves, the love induced by Oberons potion and in some aspects, Lysander and Hermias love for each other; there are true loves: Oberon and Titania, Lysander and Hermia (for the first half at least, as Lysanders love switches to Helena temporarily)Read MoreLoves Garden in Midsummer Night’s Dream1048 Words   |  5 Pagesimplications of this reign over nature. This need for control is accepted and even respected. In William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, fairies take an extensive control of nature which begins to reflect their attempts to express love as they deal with the love amongst themselves. The abundance of nature in the play presents a circumstance of controlling love. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare manipulates nature imagery to portray control of nature among the fairies and reflect humanity’sRead MoreThemes, Motifs and Symbols in A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay1041 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout the play, â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream, written by William Shakespeare, are several themes, motifs, and symbols. Dreams are a reoccurring theme. Dreams are connected to the unexplainable and mysterious events, occurring in the woods. â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† can be compared to â€Å"The Tempest†, also written by Shakespeare, because it contains the same theme of dreams- â€Å"That, if I then had waked after long sleep, / Will make me sleep again: and then, in dreaming†Read MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream852 Words   |  4 PagesIntro Paragraph:In the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare.Shakespeare portrays four different kinds of love,parental love,romantic love and complicated love.The way I see what he shows us readers is that love is in a way connected to life because life is very unpredictable since no one’s what will happen tomorrow in a way love is the same way it is very unpredictable because you never know where is might end up. Just like in the play who knew if Hermia and Lysander will end upRead MoreMidsummer Nights Dream Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s play A Midsummer Night’s Dream utilizes the technique of multiple characters playing leading roles. The fairy character Puck stands out as a dominant and leading role in the play. Puck is the best fit for the role of the protagonist becaus e he is mischievous and therefore, has the ability to change the outcome of the play through his schemes and actions. As the protagonist, Puck is responsible for creating the major conflict that occurs between the four lovers throughout theRead MoreA Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare Essay885 Words   |  4 PagesA Misummer Night’s Dream is a comedy play written by William Shakespeare. In this play there are multiple themes however the most evident theme is love. Why is love an evident theme? It is an evident theme because the play commences with two Greek mythology characters─ the Duke of Athens, Theseus and Amazon queen Hippolita planning their marriage. However as Theseus plans his marriage he has to help Egeus persuade his daughter Hermia to marry Demetrius. Unfortunately both the Duke and Egeus failedRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of A Midsummer Nights Dream1644 Words   |  7 PagesA Midsummer Night’s Dream Literary Analysis In the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream the writer William Shakespeare uses many types of figurative language and literary devices to reinforce the major themes of the play. Throughout the play the major theme is love. Readers know this due to how in the play the main conflict is love. The types of figurative language and or literary devices that William Shakespeare uses in the play to reinforce the themes are personification, symbolism, and clichà ©s. A goodRead MoreContrast in A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare1411 Words   |  6 PagesThe concept of contrast plays an important role throughout Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Shakespeare provides many examples of contrast signifying it as a motif. He groups the ideas of contrast together into those of some of the most important roles in the play. Helena is portrayed as tall and Hermia is short. Titania is a beautiful fairy who falls in love with Bottom, who is portrayed as graceles s. Moreover, the main sets of characters even have differences. Fairies are graceful and magical

A Secret Weapon for Website That Types Essays for You

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Health Promotion of the Older Adult Free Essays

While previous perceptions o f health only included the physical body, health is now considered from a holistic point of v eel, encompassing the body, mind, and environment as opposed to only the absence of disease ( Chem., Hung, Line, Hang Yang). I believe that while assessing one’s health, especially that of a n older adult, the wellbeing of both the body and mind should be equally taken into considerate on. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Promotion of the Older Adult or any similar topic only for you Order Now While this mindset takes on a holistic approach, I feel that it is possible to have an illness while still maintaining a degree of health. An example of this would be one who suffers from diabetes but lives an otherwise positive and productive lifestyle. My perception of health has been influenced by the examples my parents have e set Out for me. While my father put a lot of stress on the importance of the physical asps CT of health, encouraging an active lifestyle and proper nutrition, my mother taught the IM parlance of coping skills and positive environments. Both parents view themselves as relatively h lately and lead active lifestyles regardless of the genetically endowed illness such as heart disk ease with my ether and depression with my mother. My education is another influence of my perception of 3 health. Learning about the body and what it needs to function has made health h promotion and the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle important to me. After examining Mrs.. Hernandez case, several issues have been identified w which may impede the processes of healthy aging. Two of the issues selected for indents focus included Mrs.. Hernandez poor coping skills and poor access to necessary resources. During her assessment, Mrs.. Hernandez stated that prior to the loss of her husband, she often prepared her own meals, whereas now she relies on prepackaged, and microwavable meals . Mrs.. Hernandez additionally stated that she no longer has an appetite and no longer enjoys the e taste or smell of food. These changes seem to coincide with the loss of her husband. Consequent entry, Mrs.. Hernandez level of health, as well as emotional well being would benefit fro m an improved level of coping skills. Mrs.. Hernandez seems to also lack active engagement in her life as a result of her poor coping skills. This is apparent in Mrs.. Hernandez statement rage ding her abundance of time spent watching television as well as the little amount of it me she spends outside of her apartment. While examining limitations in Mrs.. Hernandez pr access of healthy aging, consideration Of her inaccessibility to appropriate resources is essential I. Mrs.. Hernandez stated that she obtains her food and supplies at the corner store. Immobility due to pain in her hips not only decreases her activities of daily living, but also isolates her as SSH e spends the majority of her time resting at home. A possible intervention for Mrs.. Herman ex could be utilization of services that provides transportation to grocery stores, medical appointments, and social clubs. Effective management of her hip pain and possible physiotherapy y may also increase her physical functionality which could enable her to comfortably spend more time outside the home. 4 There are several chronological assessment tools available that cover many a aspects of healthy aging. The assessment tools that are especially pertinent to Mrs.. Here anode’s current situation are the PANCAKES assessment, the family PAGE, and the Geriatric Depression scale (Toothy, Jet, Abstractors, McCauley, 2012). PANCAKES is a comprehensive asses semen tool that incorporates the requirements needed in order to complete the activities of d lily living. This tool would help identify the needed resources and services in order to develop a p rationalized and efficient care plan. This assessment tool also helps with identifying any potent ail health and safety risks (Toothy et al. , 2012). This is especially important for Mrs.. Hernandez z as she currently resides alone. Due to the fact that Mrs.. Hernandez has recently suffered from the loss of a loved one, it is recommended that she receives a Familiarity test, which measure s the availability and quality of social supports. Using the results from this tool, a strategy cool d be implemented to help Mrs.. Hernandez develop positive relationships and ultimately, improve e On her coping skills. Finally, there is the Geriatric Depression Scale, which is used for mood measurement. This particular tool is recommended as Mrs.. Hernandez has shown signs of d oppression through her loss of appetite and level of activity. How to cite Health Promotion of the Older Adult, Papers

The Race Issue in Flannery O’connors “Everything That Rises Must Converge.” Essay Example For Students

The Race Issue in Flannery O’connors â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge.† Essay The Race Issue in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge. † â€Å"Let’s skip it ,† (273) suggested Julian to his mother in Flannery O’Connor’s short story â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge. † What authoress says herself is â€Å"that the good novelist expresses feelings in symbols (qtd. in Paulson 156)†, and that is exactly what she uses in this story. By writing about fences she suggests us to jump over the differences which divide us and let us live on the same side of the fence. This poses one, very significant, question – are there enough similarities between races to raise them high enough and converge? We will write a custom essay on The Race Issue in Flannery O’connors â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge.† specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Are we ready to skip the fence or we will rather trip over it? Another major symbol used by Flannery O’Connor in her short story was the hat. From what we know about hats they had been used from centuries to keep the head warm, signal profession but also â€Å"provided a simple and universally understood device for a protocol of respect† in the world of foreign service (Jansson 26) and â€Å"symbolized the honor borne by position and title† (Jansson 32). Moreover, as a symbol, hat also plays an important role in contemporary literature. One of such examples would be the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger where the hat is a key attribute of the main character (Strauch 13). Also in O’Connor’s â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† it is the hat worn by Julian’s mother and the Negro woman that is the key symbol. According to Teresa Balazy, it can be a representation of motherhood (66) and of â€Å"the depraved and displaced condition of man† (68). Moreover, it can be symbolic of economical equality of Black and White (Walters 129) or signify the â€Å"doubling† of the two women (Walters 129). According to John May it is also a â€Å"shared emblem of human equality† (95), while Suzanne Paulson considers it a symbol of alienation, Julian’s mother buys it in order â€Å"to avoid acknowledging her connection to others† (83); to avoid meeting herself â€Å"coming and going† (O’Connor 272). We can observe then, that critics ascribed to it many various functions, however, this does not mean we must choose only one of them, as in each there is some grain of truth. The most significant is that all those symbols and their meanings refer to both women, Black and White, in positive degree, which makes the races similar in he eyes of the writer. Furthermore, â€Å"Hats exist because the need to preserve, even if only symbolically, the noblest part of man exists: the head and thus thought† (qtd. in Berengan); taking this into account we may find that wearing hats in the short story guides our attention towards the thoughts of the characters and the psychological dimension of the story. What is more, O’Connor writes that Julian’s mother is â€Å"surmounted by the atrocious hat† (272). It emphasizes than the psychological denotation of the text. While choosing symbols for her short story, O’Connor reached also to historical events such as the Montgomery bus boycott which â€Å"was one of the first organized and large movements of African-Americans in 20th century America† and â€Å"was the beginning of a new era and activism in the black community† (Allen). By dint of it †not only could the black residents of Montgomery now ride city buses as equals, thanks to their efforts so could many other black citizens throughout the nation† (Hare) but it was also essential for the civil rights movement and black activism movement of 1960’s and 1970’s (Allen). Taking this into consideration, using a bus as a setting of â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† seems to be intentional. For Flannery O’Connor bus was another vital symbol denoting †sameness† (Paulson 83). It was bus, during the boycott and in the story, where everything started and where the convergence was taking place. Moreover, in O’Connor’s story bus is enlightened, it may denote than a safe place towards which both, Black and White, seek refuge from the dark world in which they live, but also a place where the mental convergence is taking place. Bus Emphasizes the similarities between the races then. Except the bus, the rest of the setting is also worth mentioning. The world created by Flannery O’Connor is similar to Petersburg from Crime and Punishment of Dostoyevsky. Also in â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† the city presented is a symbol. It can be compared to the cave from Plato’s Allegory of the cave. O’Connor often mentions that the surroundings â€Å"stood out darkly† (272) or that there was â€Å"growing darkness† (273). The world is then like a cave and people like prisoners incarcerated in it by the chains of their own minds and illusions. They see only shadows of things, made by the artificial light of lampposts. .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 , .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 .postImageUrl , .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 , .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27:hover , .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27:visited , .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27:active { border:0!important; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27:active , .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Steinbeck (1201 words) EssayBus is the enlightened thing which may symbolize the world outside the cave. However, people entering it are hurt by the light; hurt by the truth which they cannot comprehend. They remain strangers to each other as they have been raised in the world of shadows. O’Connor’s view is more pessimistic than Plato’s one as there is no philosophers in it, who would become acquainted with the truth and would teach others. O’Connor unveils to us the consequences of entering the illuminated world, quite different from those presented by Plato, namely Julian’s mother dies, being completely unable and unwilling to unde rstand the truth. Julian notices the light and its importance, he tries to reach it but the shadows are chasing him. In such comparison we can notice another similarity between Black and White as they are all presented as prisoners, equally lost and blinded by the world they live in. One of the most characteristic traits of O’Connor’s writing, mentioned by many critics (Walters 15, May xix, Paulson ix, McClave 141) is her use of irony and grotesque which is also present in â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge†. As Harpham notices, the most popular way of using grotesque is through introducing grotesque characters (465) and that is exactly what O’Connor’s uses in her work, ex. description of Julian’s mother and her hat: â€Å"It was a hideous hat. A purple velvet flap came down on one side of it and stood up on the other; the rest of it was green and looked like a cushion with the stuffing out† (271 When she mentions the Black woman with a child she writes: â€Å"the ponderous figure, rising from the red shoes upward over the solid hips, the mammoth bosom, the haughty face, the green and purple hat† (281). Also Julian’s mother looks at her: â€Å"as if the woman were a monkey that had stolen her hat† (281). As we can see, in O’Connor’s portrayal of characters we can easily find their â€Å"cartoon† qualities (Walters 15). However for the purpose of our discussion, the most important is the fact that those traits can be found in both, Black and White characters. We can see similarity between races as O’Connor mocks equally both of them. Another similarity depicted in discussed short story is manifested in evil inclination of all human beings. According to Pessimists ideas evil is integral part of our life (Sharpe) and O’Connor’s uses it to emphasize that both, Black and White, belong to the same world. Evil is depicted in the story for instance when Julian thinks: â€Å"At that moment he could with pleasure have slapped her as he would have slapped a particularly obnoxious child in his charge† (O’Connor 279); and the Black woman with a child, whose face was described as â€Å"set not only to meet opposition but to seek it out. The downward tilt of her large lower lip was like a warning sign: DON’T TAMPER WITH ME† (280). O’Connor shows, as Walters claims, that evil â€Å"resides in the souls of all, black and white, young and old† (130). May suggests even more, namely that antipathy of Julian for his mother has been objectified in the Black woman’s violence of the onslaught (96). Such statement indicates even stronger connection between Julian’s and Black woman’s evil inclination, or to speak more metaphorically, White and Black evil inclination. 5] Last but definitely not least is similarity of all human beings in inclination towards alienation, which according to Heinemann, is typical of all human beings and there is always â€Å"a limit to our understanding of others† (144) which is also clearly visible in O’Connor’s work. We can observe it on the example of all characters, regardless of race affinity. Julian has his â€Å"mental bubbl e in which he established himself when he could not bear to be a part of what was going on around him† (276). Julian’s mother â€Å"lived according to the laws of her own fantasy world† (276). Also Negroes are separating themselves from the outside world, the Black man was isolating himself behind the newspaper; Black woman with her son, as I have quoted in the former paragraph, was hiding behind the wall of her appearance and hostility. What is more, she was trying to keep her son behind this fence as well, to seclude him from the world outside it. All facts considered I would agree with Dorothy Walters who claims that Flannery O’Connor judges both races equally harsh (135). I reckon, she does it to emphasize that a lot should be done on the both sides of the fence in order to â€Å"skip it† (O’Connor 273) and be able to live together. .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c , .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c .postImageUrl , .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c , .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c:hover , .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c:visited , .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c:active { border:0!important; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c:active , .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fashion Of 16th Century EssayDespite all differences between races she depicts many similarities manifested by various symbols, such as hat or bus, or by describing traits universal to all human beings, ex. alienation or evil inclination. She also uses grotesque in presenting both, Black and White, to emphasize their equality and, imprisons them in the same world, world which dominates and somehow governs them. All those similarities suggest equality between races and, what is the most important, their ability to rise and converge in order to live on the same side of the fence. Bibliography Allen, A. Why Was the Bus Boycott an Important Movement: Analysis. † 14 Dec. 2008 . Balazy, Teresa. Structural Patterns in Flannery O’Connor’s Fiction. Poznan: PWN, 1982. Berengan, Giuliana. â€Å"Fabulous Hats: History of Hats. † 16 Dec. 2008 . Dostoevskij, Fedor, M. Zbrodnia i Kara: Powiesc w Szesciu Czesciach z Epilogiem. Krakow: Zielona Sowa, 2000. Gill, Richard. â€Å"The Bridges of St. Petersburg: a Motif in Crime and Punishment. † Dostoyevsky Studies 3 (1982): 146-155. 16 Dec. 2008. . Hare, Ken. â€Å"They Changed the World: the Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott: Overview.   Montgomery  Advertiser. 16  Dec. 2008  . Harpham, Geoffrey. â€Å"The Grotesque: First Principles. † The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 34 (1976): 461-468. JSTOR. 16 Dec. 2008 . Jansson, Maija. â€Å"The Hat Is No Expression of Honor. † Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 133 (1989): 26-34. JSTOR. 16 Dec. 2008. McClave, Heather, ed. Women Writers of the Short Story. A collection of Critical Essays. May, J ohn, R. The Pruning Word: the Parables of Flannery O’Connor. Notre Dame: U of Notre Dame P, 1976. O’Connor, Flannery. Three by Flannery O’Connor. New York: Penguin Books, 1983. Pappas, Nickolas. Plato and the Republic. Ed. Tim Crane and Jonathan Wolff. London: Routledge, 1995. Paulson, Marrow Suzanne. Flannery O’Connor: A study of short fiction. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1988. Sharpe, Alfred. Pessimism. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton  Company,  1911. 16  Dec. 2008. Plato. The Republic. Trans. Benjamin Jowett. The Priject Gutenberg. 16 Dec. 2008 . Salinger, J. , D. Buszujacy w Zbozu. Warszawa: Iskry, 2004. Strauch, Carl, F. , J. D. Salinger. Kings in the Back Row: Meaning through Structure. A Reading of Salingers The Catcher in the Rye. † Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature. 2 (1961): 5-30. JSTOR. 16 Dec. 2008 . Walters, Dorothy. Flannery O’Connor. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1973. He was one of the first to use the symbolical possibilities of city (Gill 146) It becomes almost paysage moralise (moralized landscape); symboliz es spiritual condition of characters presented, like Dostoyevsky’s work (Gill 146). Plato draws in his allegory a picture of a den where prisoners are being incarcerated. They are chained so that they cannot move or look sideways. Behind them there is a fire which casts shadows on the wall in front of them. They can see only shadows of things and people and hear only echoes of voices of guards. Later Plato describes the process of coming out of a cave to the light outside the cave. More information about the Allegory of the cave can be found in Nickolas Pappas Plato and the Republic or Plato’s Republic translated by B. Jowett More information about grotesque and grotesque characters can be found in Geoffrey Harpham’s â€Å"The Grotesque: First Principles. May also writes that „Julian and the Negro woman are obviously related through a bond of mutual irascibility and impatience† while „Carver and Julian’s mother, on the other hand, apparently understand each other as mother and son should since they both hale active hearts† (95-96). *PQgkeenoIJPRY`! %8sx a? ! $ ? M uoaOaIA  §Y? †Ã¢â‚¬ °~s†? k? c?  § c? mHsH Heinemann claims as well that â€Å"alienation cannot be completely eliminated, it can only be reduced to reasonable terms. All we can do is to remove it from the foreground to the background and deprive it of all central position and of its emotional power, but we have to acquiesce in the fact that alienation somehow belongs to our heritage† (144). Although Walters’s claims that †convergence in her title implies collision† (127), I would rather agree with McClave and her view that there is no irony in the usage of the title intended (150) and that O’Connor tries to show the possibilities of convergence between races rather than emphasizes futility of such trials.