Essay --

(1.) Verification and perception isn't something very similar. At the point when you confirm a hypothesis, you have at any rate mostly discovered help for its fact through perception. At the point when you distort a hypothesis, you have certainly discovered help for its un-truth, through perception. Unquestionable status and falsifiability are differentiating approachs as in they each underscore various estimations of truth: certainty on â€Å"truth† (in any event fractional) and falsifiability on â€Å"false.† Consider the great case of the white swan. Swans in Europe were white so each different perception of a swan returned as white. In this manner, the acceptance delivers the end that all swans are white. Apparently giving affirmation, each different perception checked the end â€Å"all swans are white.† The proof obviously was overwhelming, that is until they discovered that Australia had dark swans. With this particular perception, all the a large number of confirmations of white swans were unconcluded. That is the quality of misrepresentation. A solitary perception or examination can hurl everything ceaselessly. Both evidence and falsifiability share the inadequacy that it can’t arrive at unadulterated fact of the matter. Undeniable nature can’t arrive at unadulterated truth in light of the intricacies with acceptance. Falsifiability can’t arrive at essential truth for two or three reasons. To begin with, refuting that a hypothesis is just confirms that the refutation is valid. That’s hardly any concerning logical headway. Second is a direct result of falsifiability recognizable proof, with the outline standard among science and pseudo-science, an (assumed) genuine hypothesis can’t be logical, in light of the fact that it can’t be adulterated. The credibility of logical hypothesis in verificationism is â€Å"strong† supporting proof. ... ...ur insufficient human understanding that restrains us from seeing it so. The strategies for comprehensive quality don’t appear to be completely at chances with the conventional logical strategy. That being stated, comprehensive quality doesn’t carefully hold fast to the logical technique despite the utilization of a logical sounding language and can create neither explicit expectations about the regular world nor weighty experiences. This reductionism appears to expect that by analyzing the systems of nature we can anticipate and thus control it. Comprehensive quality doesn't take care of the division issue. A pseudo-science has the answer for everything and can never â€Å"not be true,† though a science doesn’t have the answer for everything and can â€Å"always be false.† Religion is just a pseudo-science when it takes itself to determine logical inquiries; else it is entirely considerable for Popper. Article - (1.) Verification and perception isn't something very similar. At the point when you check a hypothesis, you have at any rate somewhat discovered help for its reality through perception. At the point when you distort a hypothesis, you have certainly discovered help for its un-truth, through perception. Obviousness and falsifiability are differentiating procedures as in they each underline various estimations of truth: unquestionable status on â€Å"truth† (at any rate incomplete) and falsifiability on â€Å"false.† Consider the great case of the white swan. Swans in Europe were white so each different perception of a swan returned as white. Consequently, the enlistment creates the end that all swans are white. Apparently giving affirmation, each different perception confirmed the end â€Å"all swans are white.† The proof obviously was overwhelming, that is until they discovered that Australia had dark swans. With this particular perception, all the a great many c hecks of white swans were unconcluded. That is the quality of misrepresentation. A particular perception or investigation can hurl everything ceaselessly. Both unquestionable status and falsifiability share the inadequacy that it can’t arrive at essential fact of the matter. Evidence can’t arrive at essential truth on account of the intricacies with acceptance. Falsifiability can’t arrive at unadulterated truth for two or three reasons. To start with, refuting that a hypothesis is just confirms that the invalidation is valid. That’s hardly any concerning logical headway. Second is a result of falsifiability recognizable proof, with the boundary rule among science and pseudo-science, an (assumed) genuine hypothesis can’t be logical, on the grounds that it can’t be misrepresented. The credibility of logical hypothesis in verificationism is â€Å"strong† supporting proof. ... ...ur insufficient human understanding that hinders us from seeing it so. The techniques for comprehensive quality don’t appear to be entirely at chances with the conventional logical strategy. That being stated, comprehensive quality doesn’t carefully hold fast to the logical technique despite the utilization of a logical sounding language and can create neither explicit forecasts about the normal world nor noteworthy experiences. This reductionism appears to accept that by looking at the components of nature we can anticipate and therefore control it. Comprehensive quality doesn't tackle the division issue. A pseudo-science has the answer for everything and can never â€Å"not be true,† while a science doesn’t have the answer for everything and can â€Å"always be false.† Religion is just a pseudo-science when it takes itself to determine logical inquiries; else it is completely important for Popper.

The Evolution of Democracy from Jefferson to Jackson

Questions Jeffersonian Democracy Jackson Democracy political He accepted men should meet He accepted that every single white man To what degree was widespread property necessities to have ought to have the option to cast a ballot. White masculinity testimonial. Accomplished? What residents were viewed as The world class ought to be the main Jackson accepted that qualified for office holding? Ones decision. Everybody ought to have the option to run the show. Put stock in a turn for workplaces. How were possibility for Groups of the exclusive class Nominating shows made president picked? Accumulated to name assignments. Applicants. EconomicSaw the yeoman rancher as the Saw ranchers and workers as In what way did Jackson picked class. The picked class. Grow the idea of the â€Å"chosen class† How did each man see Thought that industrialization Recognized that it was industrialized? Would prompt an excessively incredible fundamental to the economy. Government. How did each the Cha rles Corporate sanctions were given Anyone ready to chance beginning River Bridge versus.. Warren to incredible, administering, world class. A business ought to have the option to Bridge choices influence the Often made a restraining infrastructure. Get a contract. Syndications are access to corporate sanctions unlawful. Respectful in Jefferson time? What was each man's mentality Believed that the bank was Thought the bank was toward the Bank of the United giving an excessive amount of capacity to the unlawful and making States? First class. An inconsistent playing field for the world class. Social Thought that subjection was malevolent He was not intrigued by What was each man's disposition yet was not prepared to give his liberating slaves. Towards subjection? Own up. What was each man's disposition Did not consider them to be rises to, Same, however really toward equity for ladies supported Indian Removal. Actualized Native ND Native Americans?

Talking to Strangers

Talking to Strangers “Yes, my consuming desire to mingle with road crews, sailors and soldiers, barroom regularsâ€"to be a part of a scene, anonymous, listening, recordingâ€"all is spoiled by the fact that I am a girl, a female always in danger of assault and battery. My consuming interest in men and their lives is often misconstrued as a desire to seduce them, or as an invitation to intimacy. Yes, God, I want to talk to everybody I can as deeply as I can. I want to be able to sleep in an open field, to travel west, to walk freely at night.” from The Journals of Sylvia Plath I am in New Orleans today. I’ve been here since Friday, staying with my cousin in her shotgun house in the Bywater, soaking up the sunshine and warm wet air before I fly back to Cambridge tomorrow morning. I’m on my own for now; my cousin is at her job, working for a public health/charity organization, and I spent the morning in a café, working. I planned to get things done early and spend today exploring, maybe bike to the city park. I wanted a sno-ball from a stand nearby. I stood in line. A man got in line behind me, made small talk. He was polite, clean-looking, from Memphis, not creepy. He asked if I would take a picture of him in a costume he’d just bought so he could send it to his girl back home. I agreed. We were in a public place in broad daylight. There were people around. I won’t go into details because I don’t feel like it. In essence, the situation did not play out as I expected. It was not harmless. It ended with the man exposed and ejaculating, and me in a state of shock, unable to say anything but “have a nice day” as I walked away, beginning to shake, with the realization that I had been violated setting in surely and steadily. I chastised myself. That wouldn’t have happened if I’d been smarter, I thought, if I’d been less compliant. Things like this have happened to me before, and they will happen to me again, and yet I am always caught off guardâ€"and somehow, my instinct is always to comply. Today I walked home quickly, discarded my plans to see the city. I wanted to get inside. My sense of safety was breaking. Shouldn’t have had it in the first place, an internal voice reprimanded me. I wanted there to exist a blend of tea that could wash memories out of my head. Forgetting tea, I called it, distracting myself by making thing s up. I sat a while. I called my mother. I began to see the truth, which is that this event was not an “accident,” was not a natural consequence of my foolish friendliness, but was an act of violence of the kind that happens all the time. I am naïve, I am foolish, but those traits didn’t give that man his need to feel power over me. And my vulnerability lies not in my habit of smiling at strangers, but in two things: my femaleness and the fact that I have not learned to fiercely defend my own boundaries. I have to learn. The following is a fragment I wrote this summer, in Santa Fe, New Mexico. I might write it differently if I wrote it today. I might not. Three days ago I sat and waited on the patio of a restaurant called the Shed while my friend Rob filled out a job application. Between the two of us, Rob and me, we know a fair number of Santa Feans. It’s a small town, and I make a habit of talking to strangers. An older man, maybe forty, scruffy-looking, sat near us and mumbled somethingâ€"a greeting to Rob, I thought, and because Rob nodded distractedly, I assumed this man was his friend. I turned to him and smiled brightly. “I’m Natasha,” I said. The man looked surprised and so did Rob. “Hot as hell today,” the stranger grunted. I smiled again and we left. “You really love meeting people, don’t you,” said Rob. It wasn’t a question, but I answered “I guess.” “You should be careful sometimes,” Rob told me softly. “I’m not telling you to stop… just be careful sometimes. You have an innocence about you that some people might want to take advantage of.” I talk to strangers. Like any girl made aware, I cross to the other side of the street at night if there’s a man nearby who might be following me. I walk in the dark with my keys between my fingers like brass knuckle knives. I listen for footsteps and try to make my own gait a little less like a woman’s. But in daylight, I talk to strangers. Rob was a stranger when I bought iced tea from him in the railyard district. Now he’s teaching me to drive with manual transmission, and pronounce some words in Navajo, and he says he’ll teach me to play poker next. A man named Perry was a stranger in the gym before I asked him a question, and now I’m editing his memoir in exchange for the personal training he usually sells for fifty dollars an hour. Four days a week I lift weights and listen to stories of youth in the hood, embellished with the most delightful analogies I’ve ever heard. “You’re amazingly approachable,” a red-bearded street musician told me when I paused to listen. I found out how he loved knives and the smell of skunk on the road. I sat down nearby and met a thin old man with long black hair. He was wearing black pants with many pockets, and a shirt of dark, thick suede, rolling into other colors. His boots were heavy brown leather with gold buckles, and he wrote with a silver fountain pen from 1934. H e smoked a hand-rolled cigarette and told me how he’d walked through opium fields in Afghanistan, roaming with friends and nomads. The field workers would shoot, you would shoot back, and you would pass. It probably is dangerous, the way I talk to people. I have the accidental habit (picked up in a small town, where I really did know most of the people I saw on the streets) of smiling at strangers like I already know them, which makes them think I intend to. I don’t. Sometimes I’d rather keep walking my way. Most of the time, though, I want to hear what people have to say. I trust people a little too much. Nothing really bad has happened to me yet. I’m naïve. I’m lucky. I should worry more. I wish I didn’t have to. I would like to be adventurous without being stupid, safe without being guarded. Perry plans to teach me how to fight, and my father plants seeds of sensible wariness in my mind when I tell him I’m going outâ€"but it doesn’t come naturally to me, fearing people. I’m afraid of a lot of things (injury, quick-moving insects, highway driving, relationships, running out of money, and my mother cursing) but strangers don’t scare me. What scares me is reality, which is that I should be scared: that I ought to carry with me everywhere I go a bit of fear, as if it will protect me. When people tell me I should worry, I do. When my neighbor comes over as I sit on the front porch at ten p.m. drinking hot chocolate, and looks afraid for me, and tells me “weird things have been happening” in the neighborhood, and that I should lock the doors and windows, I get nervous, and I get a little angry. I want to be the kind of person no one would mess with. I want to be a man. What scares me is that all the women I know have learned to be alert and afraid. And, as I reassure my boss when she says she doesn’t run on mountain trails too early alone, “with good reason.” What scares me is that eighty percent of rape victims are women under thirty, women like me, and women tougher than me, more alert than me, smarter than me, women who keep their heads down and walk quickly and don’t talk to strangers. Actually, women are statistically less likely than to be victims of violent crime at the hands of strangersâ€"and more likely to be hurt by people they know. And I’m lucky. I’ve never lived in a dangerous place. I’ve never lived in a neighborhood with a high crime rate, or worked a high-risk job. On Perry’s old block, nine people were shot and killed inside a year. On my old block, I sold crayon drawings and lemonade to the elderly couple next door. I left the topic there. I came to no conclusion. I have still come to no satisfying conclusion. I will keep talking to strangers, because I can’t help it and I love their stories. I will carry with me a little less safety and a little more anger wherever I go, and I’ll probably keep trading safety for anger as I get older and travel. I will go eat some beignets. I will finish Come Hell or High Water and watch an episode of Twin Peaks in preparation for the class I’m taking with Junot Díaz. I’m drinking forgetting tea right now. It happens to be licorice-flavored.

Act 3 scene 2 of A Midsummer Nights Dream - 1212 Words

Act 3 scene 2 of A Midsummer Nights Dream A Midsummer Nights Dream is a comedy written by Shakespeare in the Elizabethan times, still performed in the present day. At Act 3 scene 2 we are probably at the height of confusion in the play. Each of the four lovers loves someone who does not love them. Demetrius loves Hermia, Hermia loves Lysander, Lysander loves Helena and Helena loves Demetrius. All this chaos is down to Puck, a mischievous fairy whose job is to stir up trouble to amuse the fairy King. Not only has he been distorting the lives of humans, but also the fairy Queen. She is momentarily in love with a mortal with an ass head (also as a consequence of Pucks actions). The†¦show more content†¦It furthermore makes the audience aware of exactly how much domination the fairies have over the humans. When Demetrius awakes he is in love with Helena, as is Lysander. This makes the situation again more confusing. As soon as he arises he remarks to Helena O Helen, goddess, nymph, perfect, divine!. This is exceedingly overwhelming and possible a little too much from Demetrius. This line also links back to Oberons spell, where he says that Demetrius should see his lover as a goddess. He says her lips are like kissing cherries giving an image or very deep red that would have been seen as very beautiful in the time when Shakespeare wrote this play. As would her skin, described as pure congealed white, a sign of great elegance and loveliness. We do not hear of Lysanders compliments, only of his defense against them. He says in their nativity appears all truth yet this does not sway Helena from thinking that this is a prank simply to mock her. She says to both men, not only are they not content with being rivals to loving Hermia, but now they are both rivals, to mock Helena. Helena sees herself as a poor maid who is being taken advantage ofShow MoreRelatedComparing Differnet Acts of Shakespearian Plays: Romeo and Juliet and Midsummer Night ´s Dream564 Words   |  3 Pagesand Juliet and Midsummer Night’s Dream they both were written by William Shakespeare and they both have lovers. Even though they have these similarities the things that will be focused on comparing are Acts 1-3 in Romeo and Juliet and Midsummer Night’s Dream. The First thing being compared in the two stories will be Act 1. In Act 1 of Romeo and Juliet the play starts with a bloody brawl and ends with two lovers meeting at a party, while on the other hand Midsummer Night’s Dream starts with theRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare1751 Words   |  8 Pages What types of dream really impress you in your life? Would that be funny dreams, weird dreams, scary dreams, risque dreams, dramatic dreams, life-changing dreams, and even lucid dream stories. As a matter of fact, people’s dreams can be a kind of illusion because dreams skew their daily life into confusion—people cannot recognize reality and unreality easily. Similarly, love not only is imaginative, but also can make people get confused just like dream. The comedicRead MoreThe Theme of Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare1563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Theme of Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare In A Midsummer Nights Dream, Shakespeare presents us with multiple types of love by using numerous couples in various different situations. For example: Doting loves, the love induced by Oberons potion and in some aspects, Lysander and Hermias love for each other; there are true loves: Oberon and Titania, Lysander and Hermia (for the first half at least, as Lysanders love switches to Helena temporarily)Read MoreLoves Garden in Midsummer Night’s Dream1048 Words   |  5 Pagesimplications of this reign over nature. This need for control is accepted and even respected. In William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, fairies take an extensive control of nature which begins to reflect their attempts to express love as they deal with the love amongst themselves. The abundance of nature in the play presents a circumstance of controlling love. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare manipulates nature imagery to portray control of nature among the fairies and reflect humanity’sRead MoreThemes, Motifs and Symbols in A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay1041 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout the play, â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream, written by William Shakespeare, are several themes, motifs, and symbols. Dreams are a reoccurring theme. Dreams are connected to the unexplainable and mysterious events, occurring in the woods. â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† can be compared to â€Å"The Tempest†, also written by Shakespeare, because it contains the same theme of dreams- â€Å"That, if I then had waked after long sleep, / Will make me sleep again: and then, in dreaming†Read MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream852 Words   |  4 PagesIntro Paragraph:In the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare.Shakespeare portrays four different kinds of love,parental love,romantic love and complicated love.The way I see what he shows us readers is that love is in a way connected to life because life is very unpredictable since no one’s what will happen tomorrow in a way love is the same way it is very unpredictable because you never know where is might end up. Just like in the play who knew if Hermia and Lysander will end upRead MoreMidsummer Nights Dream Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s play A Midsummer Night’s Dream utilizes the technique of multiple characters playing leading roles. The fairy character Puck stands out as a dominant and leading role in the play. Puck is the best fit for the role of the protagonist becaus e he is mischievous and therefore, has the ability to change the outcome of the play through his schemes and actions. As the protagonist, Puck is responsible for creating the major conflict that occurs between the four lovers throughout theRead MoreA Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare Essay885 Words   |  4 PagesA Misummer Night’s Dream is a comedy play written by William Shakespeare. In this play there are multiple themes however the most evident theme is love. Why is love an evident theme? It is an evident theme because the play commences with two Greek mythology characters─ the Duke of Athens, Theseus and Amazon queen Hippolita planning their marriage. However as Theseus plans his marriage he has to help Egeus persuade his daughter Hermia to marry Demetrius. Unfortunately both the Duke and Egeus failedRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of A Midsummer Nights Dream1644 Words   |  7 PagesA Midsummer Night’s Dream Literary Analysis In the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream the writer William Shakespeare uses many types of figurative language and literary devices to reinforce the major themes of the play. Throughout the play the major theme is love. Readers know this due to how in the play the main conflict is love. The types of figurative language and or literary devices that William Shakespeare uses in the play to reinforce the themes are personification, symbolism, and clichà ©s. A goodRead MoreContrast in A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare1411 Words   |  6 PagesThe concept of contrast plays an important role throughout Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Shakespeare provides many examples of contrast signifying it as a motif. He groups the ideas of contrast together into those of some of the most important roles in the play. Helena is portrayed as tall and Hermia is short. Titania is a beautiful fairy who falls in love with Bottom, who is portrayed as graceles s. Moreover, the main sets of characters even have differences. Fairies are graceful and magical

A Secret Weapon for Website That Types Essays for You

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Health Promotion of the Older Adult Free Essays

While previous perceptions o f health only included the physical body, health is now considered from a holistic point of v eel, encompassing the body, mind, and environment as opposed to only the absence of disease ( Chem., Hung, Line, Hang Yang). I believe that while assessing one’s health, especially that of a n older adult, the wellbeing of both the body and mind should be equally taken into considerate on. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Promotion of the Older Adult or any similar topic only for you Order Now While this mindset takes on a holistic approach, I feel that it is possible to have an illness while still maintaining a degree of health. An example of this would be one who suffers from diabetes but lives an otherwise positive and productive lifestyle. My perception of health has been influenced by the examples my parents have e set Out for me. While my father put a lot of stress on the importance of the physical asps CT of health, encouraging an active lifestyle and proper nutrition, my mother taught the IM parlance of coping skills and positive environments. Both parents view themselves as relatively h lately and lead active lifestyles regardless of the genetically endowed illness such as heart disk ease with my ether and depression with my mother. My education is another influence of my perception of 3 health. Learning about the body and what it needs to function has made health h promotion and the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle important to me. After examining Mrs.. Hernandez case, several issues have been identified w which may impede the processes of healthy aging. Two of the issues selected for indents focus included Mrs.. Hernandez poor coping skills and poor access to necessary resources. During her assessment, Mrs.. Hernandez stated that prior to the loss of her husband, she often prepared her own meals, whereas now she relies on prepackaged, and microwavable meals . Mrs.. Hernandez additionally stated that she no longer has an appetite and no longer enjoys the e taste or smell of food. These changes seem to coincide with the loss of her husband. Consequent entry, Mrs.. Hernandez level of health, as well as emotional well being would benefit fro m an improved level of coping skills. Mrs.. Hernandez seems to also lack active engagement in her life as a result of her poor coping skills. This is apparent in Mrs.. Hernandez statement rage ding her abundance of time spent watching television as well as the little amount of it me she spends outside of her apartment. While examining limitations in Mrs.. Hernandez pr access of healthy aging, consideration Of her inaccessibility to appropriate resources is essential I. Mrs.. Hernandez stated that she obtains her food and supplies at the corner store. Immobility due to pain in her hips not only decreases her activities of daily living, but also isolates her as SSH e spends the majority of her time resting at home. A possible intervention for Mrs.. Herman ex could be utilization of services that provides transportation to grocery stores, medical appointments, and social clubs. Effective management of her hip pain and possible physiotherapy y may also increase her physical functionality which could enable her to comfortably spend more time outside the home. 4 There are several chronological assessment tools available that cover many a aspects of healthy aging. The assessment tools that are especially pertinent to Mrs.. Here anode’s current situation are the PANCAKES assessment, the family PAGE, and the Geriatric Depression scale (Toothy, Jet, Abstractors, McCauley, 2012). PANCAKES is a comprehensive asses semen tool that incorporates the requirements needed in order to complete the activities of d lily living. This tool would help identify the needed resources and services in order to develop a p rationalized and efficient care plan. This assessment tool also helps with identifying any potent ail health and safety risks (Toothy et al. , 2012). This is especially important for Mrs.. Hernandez z as she currently resides alone. Due to the fact that Mrs.. Hernandez has recently suffered from the loss of a loved one, it is recommended that she receives a Familiarity test, which measure s the availability and quality of social supports. Using the results from this tool, a strategy cool d be implemented to help Mrs.. Hernandez develop positive relationships and ultimately, improve e On her coping skills. Finally, there is the Geriatric Depression Scale, which is used for mood measurement. This particular tool is recommended as Mrs.. Hernandez has shown signs of d oppression through her loss of appetite and level of activity. How to cite Health Promotion of the Older Adult, Papers

The Race Issue in Flannery O’connors “Everything That Rises Must Converge.” Essay Example For Students

The Race Issue in Flannery O’connors â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge.† Essay The Race Issue in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge. † â€Å"Let’s skip it ,† (273) suggested Julian to his mother in Flannery O’Connor’s short story â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge. † What authoress says herself is â€Å"that the good novelist expresses feelings in symbols (qtd. in Paulson 156)†, and that is exactly what she uses in this story. By writing about fences she suggests us to jump over the differences which divide us and let us live on the same side of the fence. This poses one, very significant, question – are there enough similarities between races to raise them high enough and converge? We will write a custom essay on The Race Issue in Flannery O’connors â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge.† specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Are we ready to skip the fence or we will rather trip over it? Another major symbol used by Flannery O’Connor in her short story was the hat. From what we know about hats they had been used from centuries to keep the head warm, signal profession but also â€Å"provided a simple and universally understood device for a protocol of respect† in the world of foreign service (Jansson 26) and â€Å"symbolized the honor borne by position and title† (Jansson 32). Moreover, as a symbol, hat also plays an important role in contemporary literature. One of such examples would be the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger where the hat is a key attribute of the main character (Strauch 13). Also in O’Connor’s â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† it is the hat worn by Julian’s mother and the Negro woman that is the key symbol. According to Teresa Balazy, it can be a representation of motherhood (66) and of â€Å"the depraved and displaced condition of man† (68). Moreover, it can be symbolic of economical equality of Black and White (Walters 129) or signify the â€Å"doubling† of the two women (Walters 129). According to John May it is also a â€Å"shared emblem of human equality† (95), while Suzanne Paulson considers it a symbol of alienation, Julian’s mother buys it in order â€Å"to avoid acknowledging her connection to others† (83); to avoid meeting herself â€Å"coming and going† (O’Connor 272). We can observe then, that critics ascribed to it many various functions, however, this does not mean we must choose only one of them, as in each there is some grain of truth. The most significant is that all those symbols and their meanings refer to both women, Black and White, in positive degree, which makes the races similar in he eyes of the writer. Furthermore, â€Å"Hats exist because the need to preserve, even if only symbolically, the noblest part of man exists: the head and thus thought† (qtd. in Berengan); taking this into account we may find that wearing hats in the short story guides our attention towards the thoughts of the characters and the psychological dimension of the story. What is more, O’Connor writes that Julian’s mother is â€Å"surmounted by the atrocious hat† (272). It emphasizes than the psychological denotation of the text. While choosing symbols for her short story, O’Connor reached also to historical events such as the Montgomery bus boycott which â€Å"was one of the first organized and large movements of African-Americans in 20th century America† and â€Å"was the beginning of a new era and activism in the black community† (Allen). By dint of it †not only could the black residents of Montgomery now ride city buses as equals, thanks to their efforts so could many other black citizens throughout the nation† (Hare) but it was also essential for the civil rights movement and black activism movement of 1960’s and 1970’s (Allen). Taking this into consideration, using a bus as a setting of â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† seems to be intentional. For Flannery O’Connor bus was another vital symbol denoting †sameness† (Paulson 83). It was bus, during the boycott and in the story, where everything started and where the convergence was taking place. Moreover, in O’Connor’s story bus is enlightened, it may denote than a safe place towards which both, Black and White, seek refuge from the dark world in which they live, but also a place where the mental convergence is taking place. Bus Emphasizes the similarities between the races then. Except the bus, the rest of the setting is also worth mentioning. The world created by Flannery O’Connor is similar to Petersburg from Crime and Punishment of Dostoyevsky. Also in â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† the city presented is a symbol. It can be compared to the cave from Plato’s Allegory of the cave. O’Connor often mentions that the surroundings â€Å"stood out darkly† (272) or that there was â€Å"growing darkness† (273). The world is then like a cave and people like prisoners incarcerated in it by the chains of their own minds and illusions. They see only shadows of things, made by the artificial light of lampposts. .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 , .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 .postImageUrl , .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 , .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27:hover , .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27:visited , .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27:active { border:0!important; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27:active , .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27 .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4929d5cd9bc9e8953adbd09bf03b3f27:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Steinbeck (1201 words) EssayBus is the enlightened thing which may symbolize the world outside the cave. However, people entering it are hurt by the light; hurt by the truth which they cannot comprehend. They remain strangers to each other as they have been raised in the world of shadows. O’Connor’s view is more pessimistic than Plato’s one as there is no philosophers in it, who would become acquainted with the truth and would teach others. O’Connor unveils to us the consequences of entering the illuminated world, quite different from those presented by Plato, namely Julian’s mother dies, being completely unable and unwilling to unde rstand the truth. Julian notices the light and its importance, he tries to reach it but the shadows are chasing him. In such comparison we can notice another similarity between Black and White as they are all presented as prisoners, equally lost and blinded by the world they live in. One of the most characteristic traits of O’Connor’s writing, mentioned by many critics (Walters 15, May xix, Paulson ix, McClave 141) is her use of irony and grotesque which is also present in â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge†. As Harpham notices, the most popular way of using grotesque is through introducing grotesque characters (465) and that is exactly what O’Connor’s uses in her work, ex. description of Julian’s mother and her hat: â€Å"It was a hideous hat. A purple velvet flap came down on one side of it and stood up on the other; the rest of it was green and looked like a cushion with the stuffing out† (271 When she mentions the Black woman with a child she writes: â€Å"the ponderous figure, rising from the red shoes upward over the solid hips, the mammoth bosom, the haughty face, the green and purple hat† (281). Also Julian’s mother looks at her: â€Å"as if the woman were a monkey that had stolen her hat† (281). As we can see, in O’Connor’s portrayal of characters we can easily find their â€Å"cartoon† qualities (Walters 15). However for the purpose of our discussion, the most important is the fact that those traits can be found in both, Black and White characters. We can see similarity between races as O’Connor mocks equally both of them. Another similarity depicted in discussed short story is manifested in evil inclination of all human beings. According to Pessimists ideas evil is integral part of our life (Sharpe) and O’Connor’s uses it to emphasize that both, Black and White, belong to the same world. Evil is depicted in the story for instance when Julian thinks: â€Å"At that moment he could with pleasure have slapped her as he would have slapped a particularly obnoxious child in his charge† (O’Connor 279); and the Black woman with a child, whose face was described as â€Å"set not only to meet opposition but to seek it out. The downward tilt of her large lower lip was like a warning sign: DON’T TAMPER WITH ME† (280). O’Connor shows, as Walters claims, that evil â€Å"resides in the souls of all, black and white, young and old† (130). May suggests even more, namely that antipathy of Julian for his mother has been objectified in the Black woman’s violence of the onslaught (96). Such statement indicates even stronger connection between Julian’s and Black woman’s evil inclination, or to speak more metaphorically, White and Black evil inclination. 5] Last but definitely not least is similarity of all human beings in inclination towards alienation, which according to Heinemann, is typical of all human beings and there is always â€Å"a limit to our understanding of others† (144) which is also clearly visible in O’Connor’s work. We can observe it on the example of all characters, regardless of race affinity. Julian has his â€Å"mental bubbl e in which he established himself when he could not bear to be a part of what was going on around him† (276). Julian’s mother â€Å"lived according to the laws of her own fantasy world† (276). Also Negroes are separating themselves from the outside world, the Black man was isolating himself behind the newspaper; Black woman with her son, as I have quoted in the former paragraph, was hiding behind the wall of her appearance and hostility. What is more, she was trying to keep her son behind this fence as well, to seclude him from the world outside it. All facts considered I would agree with Dorothy Walters who claims that Flannery O’Connor judges both races equally harsh (135). I reckon, she does it to emphasize that a lot should be done on the both sides of the fence in order to â€Å"skip it† (O’Connor 273) and be able to live together. .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c , .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c .postImageUrl , .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c , .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c:hover , .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c:visited , .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c:active { border:0!important; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c:active , .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uda000e544c4fe1d02819fbb93f5dea5c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fashion Of 16th Century EssayDespite all differences between races she depicts many similarities manifested by various symbols, such as hat or bus, or by describing traits universal to all human beings, ex. alienation or evil inclination. She also uses grotesque in presenting both, Black and White, to emphasize their equality and, imprisons them in the same world, world which dominates and somehow governs them. All those similarities suggest equality between races and, what is the most important, their ability to rise and converge in order to live on the same side of the fence. Bibliography Allen, A. Why Was the Bus Boycott an Important Movement: Analysis. † 14 Dec. 2008 . Balazy, Teresa. Structural Patterns in Flannery O’Connor’s Fiction. Poznan: PWN, 1982. Berengan, Giuliana. â€Å"Fabulous Hats: History of Hats. † 16 Dec. 2008 . Dostoevskij, Fedor, M. Zbrodnia i Kara: Powiesc w Szesciu Czesciach z Epilogiem. Krakow: Zielona Sowa, 2000. Gill, Richard. â€Å"The Bridges of St. Petersburg: a Motif in Crime and Punishment. † Dostoyevsky Studies 3 (1982): 146-155. 16 Dec. 2008. . Hare, Ken. â€Å"They Changed the World: the Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott: Overview.   Montgomery  Advertiser. 16  Dec. 2008  . Harpham, Geoffrey. â€Å"The Grotesque: First Principles. † The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 34 (1976): 461-468. JSTOR. 16 Dec. 2008 . Jansson, Maija. â€Å"The Hat Is No Expression of Honor. † Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 133 (1989): 26-34. JSTOR. 16 Dec. 2008. McClave, Heather, ed. Women Writers of the Short Story. A collection of Critical Essays. May, J ohn, R. The Pruning Word: the Parables of Flannery O’Connor. Notre Dame: U of Notre Dame P, 1976. O’Connor, Flannery. Three by Flannery O’Connor. New York: Penguin Books, 1983. Pappas, Nickolas. Plato and the Republic. Ed. Tim Crane and Jonathan Wolff. London: Routledge, 1995. Paulson, Marrow Suzanne. Flannery O’Connor: A study of short fiction. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1988. Sharpe, Alfred. Pessimism. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton  Company,  1911. 16  Dec. 2008. Plato. The Republic. Trans. Benjamin Jowett. The Priject Gutenberg. 16 Dec. 2008 . Salinger, J. , D. Buszujacy w Zbozu. Warszawa: Iskry, 2004. Strauch, Carl, F. , J. D. Salinger. Kings in the Back Row: Meaning through Structure. A Reading of Salingers The Catcher in the Rye. † Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature. 2 (1961): 5-30. JSTOR. 16 Dec. 2008 . Walters, Dorothy. Flannery O’Connor. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1973. He was one of the first to use the symbolical possibilities of city (Gill 146) It becomes almost paysage moralise (moralized landscape); symboliz es spiritual condition of characters presented, like Dostoyevsky’s work (Gill 146). Plato draws in his allegory a picture of a den where prisoners are being incarcerated. They are chained so that they cannot move or look sideways. Behind them there is a fire which casts shadows on the wall in front of them. They can see only shadows of things and people and hear only echoes of voices of guards. Later Plato describes the process of coming out of a cave to the light outside the cave. More information about the Allegory of the cave can be found in Nickolas Pappas Plato and the Republic or Plato’s Republic translated by B. Jowett More information about grotesque and grotesque characters can be found in Geoffrey Harpham’s â€Å"The Grotesque: First Principles. May also writes that „Julian and the Negro woman are obviously related through a bond of mutual irascibility and impatience† while „Carver and Julian’s mother, on the other hand, apparently understand each other as mother and son should since they both hale active hearts† (95-96). *PQgkeenoIJPRY`! %8sx a? ! $ ? M uoaOaIA  §Y? †Ã¢â‚¬ °~s†? k? c?  § c? mHsH Heinemann claims as well that â€Å"alienation cannot be completely eliminated, it can only be reduced to reasonable terms. All we can do is to remove it from the foreground to the background and deprive it of all central position and of its emotional power, but we have to acquiesce in the fact that alienation somehow belongs to our heritage† (144). Although Walters’s claims that †convergence in her title implies collision† (127), I would rather agree with McClave and her view that there is no irony in the usage of the title intended (150) and that O’Connor tries to show the possibilities of convergence between races rather than emphasizes futility of such trials.

Gandhi essays

Gandhi essays Global Culture and Issues Arts for Peace and Justice Even the most powerful cannot rule without the cooperation of the rule. M. Gandhi This statement is telling all of India that only through submission will they continue to be under Great Britains rule. The statement itself seems so simple, but if you consider the consequences you then realize how powerful the statement really is. Gandhi is telling all of India that they are responsible for allowing Britain to continue as rulers. Every time they adhere to Britains law they are accepting Britains rule. What makes the statement even more powerful is the understanding that Gandhi wanted the people to peacefully refuse to cooperate. To refuse to comply with Britains law without retaliation of any kind. This is why the statement is so powerful, and I agree with it. Can you imagine going to war with someone without any type of weapons or ammunition? This is exactly what Gandhi wanted, no expected, the people of India to do. He knew that India could never hope to win back their country by using violence. Britain was too powerful and had too many soldiers that were trained for war. Gandhi also did not believe in violence for any reason. His main goal was to win back their country through peaceful means, even if he had to die to achieve the victory. When you think about Gandhis achievement of convincing a whole country to fight by not submitting to laws set forth by Britain through peaceful means, is just astounding. It is impossible to rule anything or anyone without them allowing you to do it. Gandhi was trying to make all of India understand that without their cooperation, there were no rulers. His biggest challenge was to get the people to agree to do this without any use of violence. It was extremely hard for the people to comprehend that they were to accept whatever punishment the British would d ...

Learn About the Difference Between Corporate Ownership and Management

Learn About the Difference Between Corporate Ownership and Management Today, many large corporations have a great number of owners. In fact, a  major company may be owned by a million or more people. These owners are generally called shareholders. In the case of a public company with a great number of these shareholders, a majority may  hold fewer than 100 shares of stock each. This widespread ownership has given many Americans a direct stake in some of the nations biggest companies. By the mid-1990s, more than 40% of U.S. families owned common stock, either directly or through mutual funds or other intermediaries. This scenario is a far cry from the corporate structure of but one hundred years ago  and marks a great shift in the concepts of corporation ownership versus management. Corporation Ownership Versus Corporation Management The widely dispersed ownership of Americas largest corporations has to lead to a separation of the concepts of corporate ownership and control. Because shareholders generally cannot know and manage the full details of a corporations business (nor do many wish to), they elect a board of directors to make broad corporate policy. Typically, even members of a corporations board of directors and managers own less than 5% of the common stock, though some may own far more than that. Individuals, banks, or retirement funds often own blocks of stock, but even these holdings generally account for only a small fraction of the total of the companys stock. Usually, only a minority of board members are operating officers of the corporation. Some directors are nominated by the company to give prestige to the board, others to provide certain skills or to represent lending institutions. For these very reasons, it is not unusual for one person to serve on several different corporate boards at the same time. Corporate Board of Directors and Corporate Executives While corporate boards are elected to direct corporate policy, those boards typically delegate day-to-day management decisions to a chief executive officer (CEO), who may also operate as the boards chairman or president. The CEO supervises other corporate executives, including a number of vice presidents who oversee various corporate functions and divisions. The CEO will also oversee other executives like the chief financial officer (CFO), the chief operating officer (COO), and the chief information officer (CIO). The position of CIO is by far the newest executive title to American corporate structure. It was first introduced in the late 1990s as high technology became a crucial part of U.S. business affairs. The Power of the Shareholders As long as a CEO has the confidence of the board of directors, he or she is generally permitted a great deal of freedom in running and management of the corporation. But sometimes, individual and institutional stockholders, acting in concert and with the backing of dissident candidates for the board, can exert enough power to force a change in management. Other than these more extraordinary circumstances, shareholders participation in the company whose stock they hold is limited to annual shareholder meetings. Even so, generally only a few people attend annual shareholder meetings. Most shareholders vote on the election of directors and important policy proposals by proxy, that is, by mailing in election forms. In recent years, however, some annual meetings have seen more shareholders- perhaps several hundred- in attendance. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires corporations to give groups challenging management access to mailing lists of stockholders to present their views.

Waste water treatment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Waste water treatment - Research Paper Example These techniques, however, are used to treat water. Water contains various colloidal solids such as plankton, decayed plant material, bacteria, clay particles, as well as organic matter. These two processes help to remove these impurities. Coagulation neutralizes the particles and reduces the repelling force. Flocculation agglomerates destabilized atoms to form large particles(Parson and Jefferson, 2006). In the chemical and level theory, flocculation and coagulation involves a three step process that consists of flocculation, flash mixing and coagulation(Akers 1972). For coagulation to take place, flash mixing has to occur. During flash mixing, coagulant chemicals are added to water. This mixture is then mixed violently and quickly distributing the chemicals inside the water. The coagulation-flocculation process destabilizes colloids, removes anions and metals, and removes pathogens as well as inorganic matter. After destabilization, flocs are formed in which particles aggregate come by due to thermal movement of fluid molecules or induction of suspension mix and velocity gradients to be used in sedimentation. Filtration treatments as essential pretreatments are supplemented by coagulation-flocculation processes. These processes accumulate suspended solids and particles into larger bodies to allow easy removal through filtration processes. The removal of particulate matter by these methods tends to supplement the effectiveness of the filtering process. Gravity separation of these suspended solids may also require filtration. In the event of facilitating bonding among various particulates, chemical coagulants such as polymers or iron salts are added to source water(Bratby 2006). The efficiency of this process depends on a number of variables and, therefore, any changes involved may affect other process. Changes may be in form of coagulant feed concentration, final PH, coagulant dosage, type of coagulant used,

Econ exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Econ exam - Essay Example Furthermore, HR managers and supervisors are blamed for gender inequality practices, even when the job is suitable for professionals from both genders, mostly because of personal beliefs and the ‘glass ceiling’ effect. Even though such incidences are much more common within second or third world countries, where the position of women is mostly confined to domestic chores, the media in the US is more active on this issue. The economic impacts have been better in the case of US as well as other developed economies, especially after the recent recession, which forced many otherwise homemakers to pursue employment, and thus utilizing their unharnessed talents for economic gains; while creating a healthy competition in the job market. Moreover, even though media has been frenzy about racial and gender discrimination in the workplace (especially within the HR department), such incidences are much more common within developing and under-developed countries. As far as racial differences are concerned, the election of a President with African-American descent is evidence of the fact that the beliefs of the American populace are changing for the better. The economic influence of such events will be advantageous and profitable. Undoubtedly the most obvious and terrible social effect is that some of these couples are treated as outcasts by their own family and community members. Along with this, generation gaps cause even more negative social impacts towards the issue, especially if the cultures and beliefs amongst the couple’s culture differ substantially. Nevertheless, there is a silver lining [†¦] a social significance of interracial marriages, it is the fact that the couple will leave behind a lesson for their next generation, which is to remain indifferent towards racial differences. For something that is considered a taboo in the US, interracial marriages encompass an imperative economic

The Conclusion Of The First World War History Essay

The Conclusion Of The First World War History Essay At the conclusion of the First World War, Italy was riddled with chaos. This disorder was caused primarily by the belief that Italy was not adequately paid for aiding the Allies at the conclusion of the war. Italy expected to be rewarded with large expanses of territory from the defeated nations for its services. But it did not. In fact, under the charter of the League of Nations and the various peace treaties, Italy only gained territory from turkey when other nations whom they saw as inferior gained more land and more resources. Mussolini and his rapidly growing supporters capitalised on this and it was during this time Mussolinis fascist views spread throughout the country. Due to his military service during the war, Mussolini already had a large amount of support from military veterans and the lower classes in Italian society. He also had support of the business class for fear of a communist style regime that would see their profits lost. This capitalisation was the first of many political successes that would befall Mussolini and his soon to be fascist government. The next political success that occurred was Mussolinis solidification as Italys leader. This occurred in the late 1920s when Gabriele DAnnunzio and his supporters were forced out from Fiume. DAnnunzio was labeled as the John the Baptist of Italian Fascism  [1]  and Mussolinis style of leadership was rather like that of DAnnunzio during his occupation of Fiume and his leadership of the Italian Regency of Carnaro  [2]  . Aspects of this style were seen throughout Mussolinis time in power and frequently à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦included the balcony address, the Roman salute, the cries of Eia, eia, eia! Alala!, the dramatic and rhetorical dialogue with the crowd, the use of religious symbols in new secular settings  [3]  . Once Mussolini succeeded in driving DAnnunzio out of Fiume, many Italian separatists also embraced Mussolini as their leader as he promoted a strong foreign policy and the annexation of Fiume and Dalmatia. With his position as leader solidified, Mussolini rapidly ga ined power gained power and progressively converted the government into a one-party fascist dictatorship under his leadership. From that time until his death, Mussolinis only interest was in holding on to power. Perhaps, the biggest success for Mussolini and the government were the two organisations they created to control Italy. The first of these organisations was known as the Blackshirts. The Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale or National Security Volunteer Militia was formed in 1923 and was responsible for security of the regime and reported directly to Mussolini. This allowed for complete control over Italy and its subjects  [4]  . The second of these organisations was a secret police force created in 1927, called the Organizzazione di Vigilanza Repressione dellAntifascismo, (Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism) or OVRA. It was led by Arturo Bocchini with the sole purpose of cracking down on all opponents of the the government and Mussolini as there had been several assassination attempts on his life since his rise to power  [5]  . The OVRA itself was an effective force, but caused fewer deaths of political opponents compared to that of the Schut zstaffel of Nazi Germany and the NKVD of the Soviet Union, the OVRA. This being said, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦fascists methods of repression were cruel which included physically forcing opponents of Fascism to swallow castor oil which would cause severe diarrhoea and dehydration, leaving the victim in a painful and physically debilitated state which would sometimes result in death  [6]  . This created a state of constant fear of the OVRA and the Blackshirts, both of whom used this method of torture. In 1925, organised crime was rapidly rising in the Sicily and southern Italy. To combat this, the government gave special powers to the prefect of Palermo, Cesare Mori. These powers gave him the ability to prosecute the Mafia, forcing many Mafiosi to flee abroad (many to the United States) or risk being jailed  [7]  . Mori was fired however, when he began to investigate Mafia links within the Fascist regime. He was removed from his position in 1929, and the Fascist regime declared tha t the threat of the Mafia had been eliminated. Moris actions weakened the Mafia, but did not destroy them. Between 1929 and 1943, the Italian government completely abandoned its aggressive measures against the Mafia, and left them relatively undisturbed. The Fascist government had a major success when it came to education, endorsing many new and stringent education policies in Italy throughout the period aimed at lowering illiteracy which was a growing problem in Italy at the time  [8]  . To reduce the number of drop-outs, the government raised the minimum age of leaving school from 12 to 14 years of age and due to the fascist nature of the government, they were able to strictly enforce attendance at school. This was just the first step in their education plan and in 1922, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the governments first minister of education, Giovanni Gentile announced his recommendation that all education policy from this point forward should focus on indoctrination of students into fascism, and to educate youth to respect and be obedient to authority  [9]  . Before this could be realised, the government invoked a concurrent plan to increase and recognise intellectual talent throughout Italy when the government established the Royal Ac ademy of Italy in 1926 to reward, promote and coordinate Italys intellectual success  [10]  . It wasnt until 1929 that education policy took a major step toward that agenda of indoctrination. In that year, the government took control of the authorisation of all textbooks, all school teachers were required to take oaths of loyalty to fascism and children began to be instructed that they owed the same loyalty to fascism as they did to God  [11]  . It then increased in the control set by the government with all university teachers were required to be members of the National Fascist Party in 1933  [12]  , and in the 1930s and 1940s Italys education system was refocused onto the history of Italy displaying Italy as a force of civilization during the Roman era, displaying the rebirth of Italian nationalism and the struggle for Italian independence  [13]  . Also in the late 1930s, the fascist government copied Nazi Germanys education system regarding the physical fitness st udents, and begun demanding that Italians become physically healthy  [14]  . The major success in social policy for the government was the establishment of the Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro (OND) or National After-work Program in 1925 and soon became the states largest recreational organisation for adults. The Dopolavoro as it was known, had no trouble attracting members  [15]  , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but according to historian Tobias Asbe, while the activities sponsored by the OND were popular with the working class, these activities did not turn workers into ideologically convinced supporters of the Fascist regime was so popular that, by the 1930s, all towns in Italy had a Dopolavoro clubhouse and the Dopolavoro was responsible for establishing and maintaining 11,000 sports grounds, over 6,400 libraries, 800 movie houses, 1,200 theatres, and over 2,000 orchestras  [16]  . When Achille Starace took over as director of the OND in the early 1930s, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ t became primarily recreational; concentrating on sports and other outings and by 1936 the OND had a pproximately 80% of salaried workers as members  [17]  . The OND had the largest membership of any of the mass Fascist organizations in Italy and due to its huge success in Italy, it was the key factor in Nazi Germany creating its own version, the Kraft durch Freude (KdF) or Strength through Joy program, which was even more successful than the Dopolavoro  [18]  . Once in power, Mussolini attempted to alter the countrys economy to work within his fascist ideology. This was his major failure. He immediately began investing in and taking over industrial interests from within the leaders of Italian capitalism. There are two views amongst both historians and economist with regard to Mussolinis economic management, David Baker who discusses this in The New Political Economy There is a messy tangle between economic theory and economic practice which leads to two opposing views either Mussolini had an economic plan, or that he did not, but instead reacted to changes without forward planning  [19]  . Mussolinis first failure was though he did have an economic agenda which was both short and long term in nature, he attempted to completely change the economy in one phase. The government had two major tasks, one, to modernise the economy, and two, to improve the countrys dire lack of resources. To attempt these tasks, the government stimulated devel opment through creating a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦modern capitalistic sector in the service of the state, intervening directly as needed to create collaboration between the industrialists, the workers, and the state  [20]  . This was achieved by removing class and implementing corporations and in the short-term the government worked to reform the widely-abused tax system, dispose of inefficient state-owned industry, cut government costs, and introduce tariffs to protect the new industries  [21]  . The governments second failure was that it started to sell off legislative monopolies. The first of these was the 19 April 1923 law which transferred life insurance policy from a state run company to private enterprise. This effectively cancelled à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the 1912 law which had created a State Institute for insurances and which had envisioned to give a state monopoly ten years later  [22]  . By doing this the government lost one sector of income it rely on and with a rapidly growing inflation Up until 1925 the country enjoyed modest growth but structural weaknesses increasing rate of inflation the value of currency slowly dropped. Then in 1925 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the Italian state abandoned its monopoly on telephones infrastructure, while the state production of matches was handed over to a private consortium of matches producers  [23]  . This led to increase in speculation against the strength of the lira. This then caused the government to intervene and De Stefani, the fin ance minister à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦was sacked, his program side-tracked, and the Fascist government became more involved in the economy in step with the increased security of their power  [24]  . The great depression of the early 1930s was the third major economic failure to beset the Italian government. As companies came close to failure, the policy of the government was for banks to buy out the companies. This was largely an illusionary bail-out as the funds used to pay for the purchases were largely worthless and this led a financial crisis which peaked in 1932 and led to the need for major government intervention  [25]  . After the bankruptcy of the Austrian Kredit Anstalt in May 1931, Italian banks followed, with the bankruptcy of the Banco di Milano, the Credito Italiano and the Banca Commerciale  [26]  . In response to this, the state created three financial management institutions funded by the Italian treasury which were designed to buy back all the debt made by the failed banks. This aid was in the form of $5.5 billion and was to be paid back within ten years. Throughout the period of 1923 and 1939, there were a number of decisions that Benito Mussolini and his fascist government of Italy made that led to both successful and unsuccessful ventures. They were successful with implementing a number of new political policies through taking advantage of the circumstances and solidifying Mussolinis position in as leader and creating new powerful policing agencies that answered directly to them and through exerting fear into the populous. Once their position was solidifies they then commencing working on the education standards of Italy and through the fascist influence increased the literacy rate of the country and also the support of their movement by the students and teachers of the school. The government also built support up through their introduction of the OND, a social organisation that grew to include over 80% of salary workers. Though this being said, their major failure was their inability to manage funds appropriately. The economy of t he country wasnt great when they came to power, and they then attempted to achieve too much too quickly and send the economy into a downward spiral once they sold off their monopolies and then failed to act appropriately when the great depression hit the country. All in all, there were a number of both successes and failures that the Italian fascist government had during the inter war years of 1923 to 1939.

College Essay Essay

The last two years I have been on the high school gymnastics team. Before that I was in club gymnastics, yet somehow both are very different from each other. When I started high school gymnastics I didn’t know what to expect. Everyone was very friendly and excited to start the season, just like I was. In club gymnastics, it seemed more like an individual sport. High school gymnastics has been such a good and different experience. It may seem like gymnastics would be the same no matter where you went, with routines and working out the same. But in high school, you see your friends in the gym and during school too. I have made so many friends and new relationships with people with different interests and personalities, that I didn’t think I would ever get to know. I have learned from these relationships how to respect people more and treat people how you would want to be treated. It has helped me to understand people better and how to respond to people in different situations. Now it may seem like I only did gymnastics for friends, but that’s not true. I have been in gymnastics since I was 3 years old. It has taught me so much more than just friendship. It has taught me self- discipline, courage, strength (physically, and mentally), and now that I’m older, leadership. In life I consider those very important traits to have. I can take what I’ve learned in gymnastics and apply it to everyday life. We would have to set goals for gymnastics on certain skills we wanted to get by a certain time. I have used that to set goals for the future and where I want to be in 5 – 10 years. Not only did I set those goals, but I know what I have to do to achieve those goals. And having self –discipline helps me keep myself on track to make sure I get things done, not just with goals in life, but also with everyday things. For example, juggling school work and gymnastics. I have to keep myself on track to make sure I understand the material to keep my grades up. So gymnastics has really taught me a lot, not only throughout my life, but these last two years especially. It has helped me over come things I didn’t think I could handle by myself. I can honestly say gymnastics has made me the person I am today, and can’t wait to see the things colleges brings my way in the future.

R v Barry White - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3144 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? It is clear to see in the case of Barry White v The Crown that there are several issues arising on the facts. These issues shall now be argued under various grounds of appeal below. Ground 1- Failure to dismiss evidence that has been obtained unlawfully In regards to the evidence within the case in which great weight was held when Barry was charged, it can be seen that both pieces of evidence (the radio and the confession) have been obtained unlawfully and thus forth should be dismissed from the trial. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "R v Barry White" essay for you Create order Firstly is the issue of the radio which proved to be a conclusive piece of evidence upon which the jury ascribed great weight leading to them to be persuaded that the crowns case was proven beyond reasonable doubt, yet it was improperly obtained. Barry, although at the time of his arrest did not know what he was being arrested for, was ultimately charged with murder by the crown court, which is an arrestable offence by virtue of the fact that Barry could be sentenced to a term of imprisonment upon conviction.[1] Section 18 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE)[2], empowers an officer to enter premises à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"occupied or controlled by a person arrested for an arrestable offenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[3] to search for evidence related to that offence or connected offences, therefore this section would have been used when the police carried out the search throughout Barryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s home on the 6th of May. What is interesting however is that the officer must have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reasonable groundsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for believing that there is evidence on the premises that relates to the offence in question or to some offence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"which is connected with or similar to that offenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. If Barry was charged with theft then searching his house for the stolen radio would be within the sections ambit. However given the fact that Barry was ultimately charged with murder it seems unlikely that the radio which was seized would have a connection to the murder apart from the fact that they were stolen from the victimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s car; as to whether it would hold particular weight in a murder charge is somewhat questionable. In addition to this the section also states that any officer making such a search must have prior authorisation in writing from a fellow officer of at least the rank of inspector, or subsequent approval, if such is necessary for the effective investigation of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"offenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ ž ¢. From the facts it is clear to see that when the police arrived at Barryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s house and carried out their search that a warrant for the search was not present and was not shown to Barry, therefore the evidence obtained from the search should be inadmissible as the police didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have a valid warrant to search the premises under section 18 of PACE.[4] Moreover it is a requirement of the revised Code B[5] that when conducting a search, the police shall give the occupier a written notice of powers and rights showing which powers have been exercised. This is applicable to searches made under several powers, including those under ss18 and 32. The notice must specify under which power the search is being made and must also explain the rights of the occupier and the owner of any property being seized. The codes of practice are not technically à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ however if Barry can show that evidence (that is relating to the radio) has been obtained in breach of the Code, then the trial judge or Appeal Court can be invited to exclude that evidence (s76(11)). In sum, Barry might be able to show that any evidence obtained relating to the radio and DVDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s should be excluded by s78[6]. The search might not be lawful under s18[7] if: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the search was not properly authorised in writing by an inspectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which in the case of Barry has been shown to be the case as no warrant was shown to him. In addition to the admissibility of the radio as evidence it is also important to look at the lawfulness of Barryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s confession as well. A confession is defined in s.82(1)[8] of PACE as a statement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"wholly or partly adverse to the party who made ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[9]. Barry, within these terms, appears to have made a confession. The admissibility of a confession is governed by several sections of PACE and so it is necessary to look at these in detail to analyse whether or not the confession made by Barry was indeed unlawfully obtained and thus forth inadmissible in a court of law. S.76(2) states that in relation to confessions which have allegedly resulted from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"oppressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or in consequence of anything said or done which was likely, in the circumstances existing at the time, to render unreliable any confession made, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the court shall not admit the evidence unless the prosecution proves that the confession was not obtained in such a mannerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[10]. One way in which the confession from Barry could be considered as unreliable is by looking at section 78 of PACE, which allows a court to refuse to admit evidence if it appears, having regard to all the circumstances in which the evidence was obtained, that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"admission of the evidence would have such an adverse effect on the fairness of the proceedings that the court ought not to admit ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[11]. An example of this in relation to Barry is the failure to properly record an interview, this is evidenced by the fact that the officers who conducted the interview failed to freshly caution Barry upon the start of the interview which under PACE Code C renders the interview inadmissible as this is a key requirement when conducting an interview. Furthermore there is also the issue of Barryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to a legal advisor, although he requested his own solicitor and could not make contact with them the police failed to wait to try again and also failed to offer Barry a different solicitor thus letting him conduct the interview by himself. The importance of having a solicitor present during an interview under s. 58 PACE[12] has been demonstrated in a number of cases such as R v Samuel[13] and R v Walsh[14] therefore it must be considered as an important factor of a confession that legal advice be accessible and the fact that the court failed to see this when charging Barry i s exactly the reason why the case should be either sent to a re-trial or dismissed entirely. Moreover in the case of Sang[15] at the House of Lords, which permitted the exclusion of evidence where its prejudicial effect outweighs its probative value, Lord Diplock thought that a discretion only existed at common law with regard to admissions and confessions and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"generally with regard to evidence obtained from accused after commission of the offenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. One observation of Lord Diplockà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s which could be helpful to Barry (although obiter dicta) is that the purpose of such judicial discretion is to ensure that an accused was not induced to incriminate himself by deception. This would apply to Barry in the sense that the police asked questions about whether he thought Stuart would use the crowbar to cause harm, in which he didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t answer yet the courts took this as a confession of consent to Stuart inflicting the blows which caused the victims death. This can be seen as an example of the unfairness section of PACE which can exclude a confession from being admissible evidence and given that the confession held great weight in the juryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision of a guilty charge towards Barry it is crucial that this needs to be addressed and looked into further as this could change the nature of the charge and the case as a whole. Ground 2- failure to safeguard the right to representation on interrogation Another breach which the court should have taken into account when arresting Barry was his right to legal representation during his interview. The access to a lawyer a suspect has is governed by section 58(1) of PACE[16], and states that a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"person arrested and held in custody in a police station shall be entitled, if he so requests, to consult a solicitor at any timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[17]. In addition to this the request must also be recorded in the custody record and the request m ust be granted as soon as possible except to the extent that the delay is permitted by the section. In terms of Barry it seems that there has been a breach of Code C (in respect of the notification of free legal advice), given that although Barry requested his own solicitor when this failed the police failed to offer him one from the police station and instead proceeded to let him conduct the interview without legal aid. This is evidenced by Barry repeatedly requesting his solicitor and when the police gave up attempting to contact them Barry stated that he would proceed with the interview à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"notwithstanding he did not have his legal representativeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ showing that he was hesitant to proceed without legal aid and the police failed to offer him an alternative. Therefore it would be possible that if the case went to appeal then the court would quash not only his confession which was produced as a result of the interview but possibly the entire case as he w as deprived of his fundamental right to a legal representative as a result of the breach and the policeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s impatience in contacting his own solicitor when they had ample time to do so as he had only been detained less than 24 hours. A case which supports this argument comes from Beycan[18], in which the Court of Appeal quashed a conviction based on a confession when the suspect had been arrested, taken to the station and asked: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"are you happy to be interviewed in the normal way we conduct these interviews without a solicitor, friend or representative?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[19]. Although the police didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t breach the code that explicitly, Barryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case is arguably stronger as he actually expressed a desire for legal advice and when it couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be provided he reluctantly proceeded to conduct the interview. It may be possible to construe the events from the case of Barry in a way which shows him à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"changing his mindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ about taking legal advice. Thus there could be a further breach of Code C para 6 6(d) : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"when the person who wanted legal advice changes his mind, the interview may be started without further delay provided the person has given his agreement in writing or on tape to being interviewed without receiving legal advice and that an officer of the rank of inspector or above has given agreement.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[20] It is not stated within the facts of the case whether or not this procedure was followed however given the fact that Barry was not properly cautioned when the interview was conducted and the fact that his custodial process wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t performed properly in the sense that he wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t booked in correctly because he was taken straight to an interview, it is unlikely that the procedure was in fact followed. The breach of this code and its implications upon trials was demonstrated in the case of Wad man[21], in which the defendant, having initially declined legal advice, changed his mind and then, while arrangements were being made, reverted to saying that he did not wish to have a solicitor. The judge in the case held that the code was not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mandatoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and admitted the evidence. However on appeal the conviction was quashed and the court ruled that the judges approach to the code was flawed as he à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"confused the discretion he had on voir doire- whether to admit the evidence- with the absence of discretion for police officers when complying with the code; it was a disciplinary offence not to do so, it was not a case where the court should exercise its own discretionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[22] This further strengthens the argument that the court should not have ignored the fact that Barry didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have a legal representative with him whilst recording his interview and the fact that the police breached Code C by not following th e correct procedure and therefore the submitting the interview as evidence was unlawful. Ground 3- failure to direct the jury properly on convicting on the basis of joint criminal enterprise Barry was sentenced for murder on the principle that he committed the act of crime on the basis of a joint criminal enterprise, there are numerous reasons as to why this was the wrong decision by the court but first we shall analyse what it means to be part of a joint criminal enterprise. A joint criminal enterprise is defined as where an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"offence is committed by two or more persons, of which each may play a different part, but they are acting together as part of a joint planà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[23]. The important part of this definition which is relevant to Barryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s charge is the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"planà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, the courts have noted that the word doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t mean that there has to be a formal agreement about what has to be done but i nstead it can happen in the spur of the moment and can be made with something as simple as a nod or wink to the other party. In order for the prosecution to prove the secondary liability of a person they must establish that the conduct by the defendant amounts to assistance or the encouragement of the joint person, the intention to assist or encourage the joint offender to commit the principal offence and the defendants knowledge of the essential matters which constitute the principle offence. Therefore in order to charge Barry on the ground of joint criminal enterprise it must be proven that the above three requirements have been satisfied, however in actual fact when looking at the case it is clear to see that they havenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t been satisfied, which I will now further explain below. Firstly is the requirement of knowledge of intention from the joint offender, in this case Stuart, from the defendant, in this case Barry. If it could be proven that Barry had reasona ble knowledge that Stuart would use the crowbar to inflict the blows to the victim which lead to his death then that would be sufficient enough for the court to charge Barry with murder based on a joint criminal enterprise. However it seems that the court failed to analyse Barryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interview properly as within it he was asked whether or not he knew that Stuart was carrying the crowbar which he stated that he did know he was carrying the weapon because it was a useful tool for breaking into cars, however what is interesting is that when he was asked whether he thought that Stuart might use violence on another human being he remained silent. Yet the court looked at this as an acknowledgement of Stuartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s intention which is arguably wrong on a number of basis. For example in Powell and English[24] Lord Hutton[25] said that where the act committed by P (Stuart) is fundamentally different from that contemplated by D (Barry), D will not be liable. In rel ation to the case at hand it could be argued that although Barry knew that Stuart was carrying the crowbar that he only foresaw him using it as a tool for breaking into cars as it is what the pair have used in the past, not that he would have expected Stuart to use the tool as a harmful weapon towards the victim as Barry only intended to steal the car as is evident from the fact that when he received the keys to the car he immediately went and sat in the driverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s seat. It was in fact Stuart who then proceeded to commit the act of violence, therefore how can it be argued by the court that Barry consented to the murder when he was merely sat in the car waiting to drive away? Given that this requirement hasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t been met and the fact that Barry did not comment on whether he thought Stuart would cause harm to the victim the conviction should be quashed and the trial should be appealed in light of the ground being breached. In conclusion it is clear to see that Barry, although admittedly committing a crime of theft, was wrongly charged on the grounds of murder due to a number of grounds and procedural breaches which the Crown Court failed to take into consideration such as the wrongful processing of Barry when he arrived at the station, the lack of a fresh caution when conducting his interview, the lack of legal representation during his interview and the two pieces of evidence (the confession and the radio) which held great weight in the charge were unlawfully obtained and therefore should not have been submitted before the court or relied upon. With this said I think it is fair to say that the charges should be quashed and that a new trial take place with the above mentioned grounds and breaches taken into consideration in order to provide a conviction that can be seen as an acceptable one in the eyes of law. Bibliography Statues and statutory instruments Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) Cases Powell a nd English [1999] AC 1 R v Beycan [1990] R v Samuel [1988] QB 615 R v Sang [1980] 2 AC 402 HL R v Walsh (1990) 91 Cr App R 161 Wadman 1996 Websites Judicial Board Studies, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Directing The Juryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (judiciary.gov.uk 2010) https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/JCO/Documents/Training/benchbook_criminal_2010.pdf accessed 11/02/2015 Books and journals M Hannibal and L Mountford, Criminal Litigation Handbook 2013-2014 (8th, OUP, Oxford 2013) A Keane and P McKeown, The modern law of evidence (9th, OUP, Oxford 2012) G Slapper and D Kelly, English legal system 2013-2014, (10th, Routledge, London 2013) J F Archibold, Archbold: criminal pleading, evidence and practice 2014, (Sweet Maxwell London 2014) [1] Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) s.24 [2] Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) s.18 [3] Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) s.18 [4] Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) [5] Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) Code B [6] Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) [7] Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) [8] Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) [9] M Hannibal and L Mountford, Criminal Litigation Handbook 2013-2014 (8th, OUP, Oxford 2013) 92 [10]M Hannibal and L Mountford, Criminal Litigation Handbook 2013-2014 (8th, OUP, Oxford 2013) 94 [11] M Hannibal and L Mountford, Criminal Litigation Handbook 2013-2014 (8th, OUP, Oxford 2013) 96 [12] Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) s. 58 [13] R v Samuel [1988] QB 615 [14] R v Walsh (1990) 91 Cr App R 161 [15] R v Sang [1980] 2 AC 402 HL [16] Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) s. 58(1) [17] Police and Crimi nal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) s. 58(1) [18]R v Beycan [1990] [19] R v Beycan [1990] [20] Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) Code C para 6 6(d) [21] Wadman 1996 [22] Wadman 1996 [23] Judicial Board Studies, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Directing The Juryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (judiciary.gov.uk 2010) https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/JCO/Documents/Training/benchbook_criminal_2010.pdf accessed 11/02/2015 [24] Powell and English [1999] AC 1 [25] Lord Hutton page 21

Technological Change Moves Faster Than Bureaucracy

Technological change moves much faster than bureaucracy, and it is the patent office that must bear the collision of novelty and government – for anyone who wishes to profit from their genius must go there to have their constitutional right to the proceeds from it verified. Exactly what technology can be patented in this day and age, as our bodies and proteins become subject to technology themselves, is indeed in need of some clarification. Today scientific advances allow us to look into the deepest codes that create our bodies – our genes. With a small sample scientists can isolate the miniscule structure of just a single gene and analyze it for every divergence it displays in an individual as compared to the ‘normal’ human population.†¦show more content†¦Smith Pharmaceuticals is one of these corporations. Over several years, they spent hundreds of millions of dollars on research perfecting the method to synthesize and analyze cDNA – compl ementary DNA – in the genes LIF and LCK. Mutations in these two genes, as Smith discovered, correlated with and were highly indicative of an increased risk of leukemia. Smith filed a patent on these genes and the process of the diagnostic test, and has since benefited over one million potential leukemia patients with a diagnostic that allows them to take preemptive strikes against the disease – the average cost of leukemia in the Netherlands is $104,386 (de Uyl et al.), and one treatment in the United States costs $178,000 (Chen), while Smith’s test is under $4000, and usually insurance eligible under new Federal law, qualifying as preventative care. As the Economist puts it succinctly, â€Å"the point of a patent is to encourage innovation by giving inventors a limited period of exclusive control over the fruits of their labour,† (April 2013). Smith invested these large sums into identifying this gene under the assumption that it would make profit off o f these tests due to its rights over the information it gathers – and, important to note, it would not have done so without this financial motivation. Otherwise, it is highly plausible that LIF and LCK’s benefits would lie undiscovered even today, and the one million patients tested at under $4000 would all be undergoing $178000